Mainly due to storm damage and subsequent bark beetle calamities, their extent has increased by about 1,200 hectares since the first planning in 1986. This corresponds to about one tenth of the total protective forest area.

Protective forest regeneration that is not capable of development due to high browsing damage or grazing load.Д¬urrently, there are 1,190 rehabilitation areas in the Bavarian Alpine region with a total area of about 14,000 hectares. Protective forests damaged by storms, bark beetles, shearing damage or declining vitality Overaged protective forests (average age over 200В years without sufficient regeneration and more than one third of decaying, dying or dead trees in the upper layer) Thinned protective forests without sufficient regeneration Protective forests are considered to be in need of rehabilitation if their functional capability is clearly impaired and this cannot be restored within the framework of regular forest management. Since then, the plan has been updated at regular intervals and adapted to the latest findings. In 1986, the Bavarian Forestry Administration surveyed the condition of protective forests in all forest ownership types and derived from this the first long-term overall plan for protective forest restoration in the Bavarian Alpine region. The preservation of intact protective forests or their restoration is therefore a forestry and socio-political task of high priority. Of the 260,000 hectares of mountain forest, around 60% fulfil priority protection functions and are specially protected by the Bavarian Forest Law (BayWaldG). For many decades, wood utilisation has been significantly below the increment. With about 420 solid cubic meters of stock per hectare, the average wood stock in mountain forests is about 6% higher than the Bavarian state average. Mountain forests, with an average age of 101В years, are older than lowland forests, with an average age of 83В years. Because of the extreme climatic conditions in the high mountains, trees grow much more slowly in the Alps than in the lowlands. The other mixed tree species accounted for about 5 to 10% of the forest structure. Originally, half of the mountain forest in the montane zone between 700 and 1,400 meters above sea level consisted of spruce and about 20 to 25% each of beech and fir. Tree species distribution in Bavaria and the Bavarian Alps. The remaining 3% is distributed among other deciduous tree species such as rowan, hackberry, alder, birch and willow (see Figure 4).

Sycamore maple and ash, both of which are deciduous tree species, together take up about 10%. The predominant deciduous tree species in the Bavarian Alps is beech, with an area share of about 19%. Larch and Swiss stone pine play only a minor role in the Bavarian Alps. Fir ranks second among coniferous species with about 7%, followed by the pine with 2%. Spruce alone, which has one of its natural distribution centers in the Alpine region, accounts for 58% of the forest structure. With a share of 68%, coniferous species predominate in mountain forests. As the 2012 Federal Forest Inventory revealed, the forest in the mountains is older and has larger reserves per hectare than the forest in the lowlands. Today, foresters and forest owners consistently create stable mixed stands of deciduous and coniferous species that are adapted to the respective location.ДЄ look at the Bavarian Alps shows that about half of the area вЂ“ around 260,000 hectares вЂ“ is covered with forest. After a detailed actor analysis, the moderated participatory process is described.ДЄlthough beech sites actually predominate in Bavaria as well, the leading tree species is still spruce, which is more or less due to a historically determined approach to forest management. At the beginning, the identification of stakeholders and the overall goal and expectations of the participatory process (technical issues, trust and community building) is clarified. Using the example of the Oberammergau Pilot Action Region (PAR), the process and implementation of the BWO is presented against a background of more than 10В years of experience. Only a functioning interaction between the different actors in the Alpine Space will contribute towards the set objective of integrating forests and ecosystem services in risk governance and balancing the numerous interests, demands and costs. In the Mountain Forest initiative (BWO) of the Bavarian state government, launched more than 10В years ago, suitable measures for the preservation of protective forest are discussed and, if possible, decided by consensus in on-site round tables with all involved interest groups. In addition to technical protection measures, forests are very often the key to permanent and cost-effective protection against these hazards. Natural hazards caused by climate change pose a permanent threat to the inhabitants of the Alpine Space.

The hunting ground download torrent